Harris' mother, Shyamala Gopalan, grew up in Tamil Nadu, a South Indian state, where Tamil is natively spoken. More than 300,000 people in the U.S. Speak the language, with the highest.
Part of a series on |
Shaivism |
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Paramashiva (Supreme being)
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Saiddhantika Non - Saiddhantika
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Tirumurai | ||
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The twelve volumes of TamilŚaiva hymns of the sixty-three Nayanars | ||
Parts | Name | Author |
1,2,3 | Thirukadaikkappu | Sambandar |
4,5,6 | Thevaram | Thirunavukkarasar |
7 | Thirupaatu | Sundarar |
8 | Thiruvasakam & Thirukkovaiyar | Manickavasagar |
9 | Thiruvisaippa & Tiruppallaandu | Various |
10 | Thirumandhiram | Thirumular |
11 | Various | |
12 | Periya Puranam | Sekkizhar |
Paadal Petra Sthalam | ||
Paadal Petra Sthalam | ||
Rajaraja I | ||
Nambiyandar Nambi |
- The Periya Puranam (Tamil: பெரிய புராணம்), that is, the great purana or epic, sometimes called Tiruttontarpuranam ('Tiru-Thondar-Puranam', the Purana of the Holy Devotees), is a Tamil poetic account depicting the lives of the sixty-three Nayanars, the canonical poets of Tamil Shaivism.
- This is mentioned in Siva Puranam. The name also carries another meaning where the hills surrounding the place are in the shape of a Chathuram (Tamil for square) so the name Sathuragiri. It is also called Mahalingagiri, Menugiri/Merugiri, Kailasagiri, Indiragiri, Sarvalogagiri, Suriyagiri, Brahmagiri, Siddhagiri, Yamagiri/Yemagiri, Sivagiri.
- Edited by Chandhrasooriyan Dharsan.உலகில் குருதிவாழ் உயிரினம்வாழ வளிமண்டலம்.
The Periya Puranam (Tamil: பெரிய புராணம்), that is, the great purana or epic, sometimes called Tiruttontarpuranam ('Tiru-Thondar-Puranam', the Purana of the Holy Devotees), is a Tamil poetic account depicting the lives of the sixty-three Nayanars, the canonical poets of Tamil Shaivism. It was compiled during the 12th century by Sekkizhar. It provides evidence of trade with West Asia[1] The Periya Puranam is part of the corpus of Shaiva canonical works.
Sekkizhar compiled and wrote the Periya Puranam or the Great Purana in Tamil about the life stories of the sixty-three ShaivaNayanars, poets of the God Shiva who composed the liturgical poems of the Tirumurai, and was later himself canonised and the work became part of the sacred canon.[2] Among all the hagiographic Puranas in Tamil, Sekkizhar's Tiruttondar Puranam or Periyapuranam, composed during the rule of Kulottunga Chola II (1133-1150) stands first.[3]
Background[edit]
Sekkizhar was a poet and the chief minister in the court of the Chola King, Kulothunga Chola II. Kulottunga Chola II, king Anabaya Chola, was a staunch devotee of Lord Siva Natraja at Chidambaram. He continued the reconstruction of the center of Tamil Saivism that was begun by his ancestors. However Kulottunga II was also enchanted by the Jain courtly epic, Chivaka Chinthamani an epic of erotic flavour (sringara rasa) whose hero, Chivaka, combines heroics and erotics to marry eight damsels and gain a kingdom. In the end he realises the transiency of possessions, renounces his kingship and finally attains Nirvana by prolonged austerity (tapas).[4][full citation needed]
In order to wean Kulottunga Chola II from the heretical Chivaka Chintamani, Sekkizhar undertook the task of writing the Periyapuranam.[2][full citation needed]
Periyapuranam[edit]
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The study of Chivaka Chintamani by Kulottunga Chola II, deeply affected Sekkizhar who was very religious in nature. He exhorted the king to abandon the pursuit of impious erotic literature and turn instead to the life of the Saiva saints celebrated by Sundaramurti Nayanar and Nambiyandar Nambi. The king thereupon invited Sekkizhar to expound the lives of the Saiva saints in a great poem. As a minister of the state Sekkizhar had access to the lives of the saints and after he collected the data, he wrote the poem in the Thousand Pillared Hall of the Chidambaram temple.[5] Legend has it that the Lord himself provided Sekkizhar with the first feet of the first verse as a divine voice from the sky declaring 'உலகெலாம்' (ulakelam: All the world).[citation needed]
This work is considered the most important initiative of Kulottunga Chola II's reign. Although, it is only a literary embellishment of earlier hagiographies of the Saiva saints composed by Sundarar and Nambiyandar Nambi, it came to be seen as the epitome of high standards of the Chola culture, because of the highest order of the literary style.[5][full citation needed] The Periyapuranam is considered as a fifth Veda in Tamil and immediately took its place as the twelfth and the last book in the Saiva canon. It is considered as one of the masterpieces of the Tamil literature and worthily commemorates the Golden age of the Cholas.[3][full citation needed]
Significance[edit]
All the saints mentioned in this epic poem are historical persons and not mythical. Therefore, this is a recorded history of the 63 Saiva saints called as Nayanmars (devotees of Lord Siva), who attain salvation by their unflinching devotion to Siva. The Nayanmars that he talks about belonged to different castes, different occupations and lived in different times.[3][full citation needed]
References[edit]
- ^Glimpses of life in 12th century South India
- ^ abA Dictionary of Indian Literature By Sujit Mukherjee.
- ^ abcMedieval Indian Literature By K. Ayyappapanicker, Sahitya Akademi.
- ^Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees By Alf Hiltebeitel.
- ^ abThe Home of Dancing Śivan̲ By Paul Younger.
External links[edit]
- Periya Puranam in Tamil.
- Periya Puranam in English.
- Nayanar temples locations explained in Periya puranam
Assume, like me, you are one of those expatriate Sri Lankans, living far away from home, often feeling the remorse of a guilty thief. You took a lot from there, particularly in the form of free education, but never gave anything back. Say your daily rituals include reading infolanka.com, kottu.org, uthayan.com, groundviews.org etc., and getting depressed by the barrage of unfortunate happenings back home: amendments to the constitution, deaths in police custody, legislation rushed through, beating up of the student union leader and murder of the politician.
Worry no further! The Sri Lankan Tamil fellow, Sivapuranam Thevaram, of whom I have told you much in these pages, has a cure for such depression. Bookmark these pages: (a) “My Own Obituary” by Lasantha Wickrematunge; (b) “The Captain’s Speech” by Kumar Sangakkara; and (c) “…they are all calling and asking who is Lionel, and where he went” line in the Pusswedilla satire, and visit them daily. The therapeutic power in these masterpieces mitigates any setback you might have — of feeling less of a Sri Lankan than you actually are. Try it.
One autumn afternoon in BridgeTown, UK, Thevaram and I met at a local pub – a famous pub from where the structure of DNA was solved. We contemplated philosophy — of arrogance as a trait that drives politics. Some of our leaders tell us that the rest of the world has nothing better to do than to gang up against our tiny island, threatening to drown us via their NGO agents. You heard that the rest of the world has nothing better to do than to send in their armies to help carve out part of the island into a separate country, or to come to the rescue of some from the beaches of a sort of Dunkerque when they walked with their hands held high and heads bowed low. (Yes, on a previous occasion we did manage to invite our neighbour to meddle, but that didn’t go according to plan, did it?)
Thevaram gave me two points to calibrate such arrogance, enough to draw a graph and work out the rest by interpolation.
At his high point of arrogance, he was approached by a lady with a matrimonial proposal. “Are you available?” she had gently inquired on behalf of her friend. That drove his arrogance to stratosphere, for by then he had reached the 3-2-1 stage in his life: three kids, two bank loans and one wife. “Men are like corner seats in the Yarl Devi,” he had said, “Good ones are already taken.”
“At the other end of the scale, what goes up is sure to come down,” he said, paraphrasing the Third Law which was also formulated in these parts of BridgeTown. On a visit to USA some years ago, as his taxi drove out of JFK airport, the driver made the usual friendly inquiry: “Where are you coming from?” “Sri Lanka,” Thevaram had said, with nationalistic arrogance. “Gee…, which state is that in?”
That autumn afternoon of our drinking session, Thevaram had had a big row with his wife, Manimekalai. It all started from him abruptly announcing that he was considering moving back to Sri Lanka – a recurrent thought he entertains, much reinforced in recent times. He has made scouting trips, eight of them in the last two years — which you will agree is rather high compared to just two visits in the previous eight.
Manimekalai is a realist who holds an array of arguments that nip such temptations in the bud. She first calibrates against peers: “OK, you want to go, but look at Thuriyothanan and Thuchathanan. Will they go there, why only you?” “Oh who cares what they do,” he dismisses, “this is about me and what I think my duty is.”
That failed, she calls for slightly stronger ammunition. “What about the kids?” “Well I am not going right away — the kids will be grown up soon.”
That too not working, she draws on her supply nukes. “Are you sure you are wanted there?” That is a heavily loaded question encapsulating a whole range of our government’s structured efforts, caused by incompetence or malice he had not bothered to find out, by which in the post war state of our nation, even those ethnic Tamils who never supported Tamil nationalism as an adventurous response to its Sinhala counterpart, are being systematically alienated.
“How about the National Anthem?” she continues, referring to the discussion that the anthem may only be sung in Sinhala. It came as a shock to many, to whom the message between the lines was: “You don’t belong here anymore.”
Mice in progressively confined spaces behave in odd and unpredictable ways, they say. After an immediate reaction of frustration, Thevaram realized that he actually did not know the lyrics in Tamil. In Sinhala, he could sing just the first two lines. So, he responded by memorizing the whole of it in Sinhala. He loved its tune and verse, and was heard singing it in his shower often since — that being the only part of the house in which he is allowed to sing.
“How about your dual nationality, huh,” she rubbed in the salt. Thevaram qualified to apply for British nationality back in the late eighties, but his arrogance stopped him from doing so. In 1994, tired of visa queues, he entered the process known as naturalization. While his papers were in the system, Chandrika Kumaratunge appeared on the scene. With her progressive speeches, she had given the impression that a new era was on its way. Believing all that, he withdrew his application to become British. How disappointing? It took him another ten years to re-connect with the real world, acquiring British citizenship and thereby losing his Sri Lankan one. These post war days, with his agenda of debt repayment, he so much wants to get dual nationality and spend extended periods working in Sri Lanka. Alas, they have now stopped the scheme. (Conspiracy theorists say the decision to stop duals has something to do with crowd control at Nallur temple festival.)
Her logic appears to win. How can he respond? He takes his diary from his briefcase, throws it at her and shouts: “There are two sides to my country you know — read that and find out.” He slams the door and walks out, to meet me in the BridgeTown pub.
Later that evening, Manimekalai picked up the diary and found in it a few entries in a language she did not understand. It was the language she had refused to learn because she was forced to. Leaving the diary open on those pages, she retires to bed, saying to herself: “This man has really gone mad.”
Let’s me translate:
——– Monday 22 August 2011 —————–
Checked into hotel in HillTop, got to go to the conference site and hand over the bottles (It is a tradition that returning old boys bring duty free alcohol to enrich these conferences). Walk to get a taka-taka three wheeler. There are two parked. I approach the first and ask: “Can you drive to the campus?”
The driver declines with a lateral harmonic head motion and waves me towards the other vehicle. I go to the second driver. “How much?” “250”; “Let’s go.” At the conference venue, I give him 300 and he gives me 50 change. “It’s OK, keep the 300,” I say. “Thank you, Sir’” he replies, and with both hands makes a prayer gesture towards me. I smile in embarrassment, clutching the bottles with care.
———– Tuesday 23 August 2011 ———–
Need to be at the conference early, because mine is the first talk. I come out of the hotel and call a three wheeler: “How much, 250, let’s go”. My memory bugs me a bit. Have I seen this driver before? “Were you the one who took me yesterday?”
“No Sir, the other guy” he pauses a bit. “He said he had not had a single hire the whole day, so I passed [your custom] to him.” “This week is school holiday no” — an explanation for low business.
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A sudden gush of air on the dusty bridge over LongRiver throws heavy pollution on my face. I reach for my handkerchief to dry my eyes.